Belyaeva Olga I.

The article examines the three primary facets of state strategic planning and illustrates how these concepts intersect and overlap. The author emphasizes the need to align strategic, territorial, and spatial planning processes, while also considering the particularities and attributes of these processes in the context of current global and local challenges. The article looks at the legal foundation of strategic planning in the Russian Federation and analyzes the strategic planning experience of Russia and other countries. The analysis indicates the need to establish a legal system of spatial planning documents, including master plans, to ensure consistency with federal and regional planning documents. The results obtained allow the author to propose several measures aimed at improving the scientific, methodological, and legal support in this area.

The article considers the Republic of Kazakhstan’s low-carbon development policy. The authors identify the main factors influencing policymaking and analyze the main «low-carbon» instruments applied in the country or planned for implementation at the national and regional levels. Kazakhstan is transitioning to low-carbon energy due to its reliance on resources, climate change concerns, energy security, international climate regulations, and regional aspirations. The analysis has shown that implementing low-carbon development policies at the national level considers the economic value of particular measures apart from environmental benefits, including energy and reputational interests. The authors point out that the significant role of traditional energy sources in the Kazakhstan economy, as well as in the energy supply of the country (especially coal), does not allow the Republic of Kazakhstan to pursue a rapid abandonment of «dirty» energy sources due to economic and energy costs. In this context, the authors characterize Kazakhstan’s low-carbon development policy as «pragmatic» and aimed at ensuring economic security.

The article analyzes political and legal measures to counter threats to critical information infrastructure (CII). The authors explain the concept of CII in Russia and abroad, examine how its objects are covered, and discuss the steps Russia has taken to safeguard CII considering the principal risks to information security in 2017-2023. The sanctions regime places unique challenges in the area of CII protection. Sanctions pressure and other political challenges vastly facilitated the development of new security measures. The success of the protective policy is demonstrated by the increase in the proportion of domestically produced electronics purchased by state-owned businesses and government clients in 2023. The current risks related to foreign electronics being vulnerable to cyberattacks need to be addressed. In response to these challenges, new security systems are gradually being introduced for CII protection.