Bartsits Igor N.

The article describes how nomenclature became the basis of the Soviet party-state apparatus in the 1920s and 1930s of the XX century. The authors explain how the nomenclature turned into an independent social institution with a centralized management system, its own norms of political behavior, moral attitudes, mechanisms of recruitment and regulation of activities. Particular attention is paid to the formation of the “nomenclature complex” - a system of accounting and distribution of personnel, the introduction of which was accompanied by numerous difficulties and required constant intervention of the party authorities. Since the early 1920s, an important direction of personnel policy was the formation of personnel reserve, which marked the beginning of systemic work that continued in the following decades. It is noted that in the process of developing the nomenclature, a classification of civil servants based on a class approach was created, which strengthened the ideologized nature of management. One of the key consequences of the introduction of the nomenclature principle was the substitution of electability with appointments, which led to the alienation of citizens from participation in state governance. The electoral mechanisms enshrined in the Soviet constitutions became a formality to cover up the centralized personnel policy. This, in turn, contributed to a high turnover of personnel in the nomenclature system.

The article reviews the history of the first Russian professional periodicals for civil servants before the revolution of 1917 and the first Soviet magazines. The authors also analyze the thematic component of the publications. It is noted that such a turbulent historical era could not leave aside the numerous class of Russian officialdom, whose interests the periodicals for civil servants tried to represent. The authors emphasize that the publishers who created periodicals for officials believed that this large social group should be aware of the social and economic difficulties facing them and defend their labor rights. No less significant was the rethinking of the essence of the bureaucracy, its recognition of the professional community, and consolidation up to the point of establishing a professional union.

The article represents the author’s writing concerning a large research project "Historyof Civil Service in Russia"comprised of the period from the X century to the present day,published by the «Delo» Publishing House of the Russian Presidential Academyof National Economyand PublicAdministration (RANEPA).Studying the history of public service is a significant part of the research on the public administration system in our country. Modern achievements and concerns, accomplishments, and deficiencies of public administration are mainly determined by the history of its development and formation. The generic quote "We all came out of Gogol’s "The Overcoat"is widely used in evaluating Russian classical literature and,to a certain extent,is also applicable to analyzing the history of the Russian state administration.In the given context,this concerns the overcoat’s owners -civil servants,and their role in the state’s history.The authors of the four-volume studyshow how public servants, next to military and cultural figures, entrepreneurs and workers, scientists, and peasants, have contributed to the country’s greatness over the centuries.The authors of the books identified four periods in the history of the formation of the Russian civil service; a description of each of these periods requires a separate volume.The article discusses the second volume in two parts,which was published first,presenting the history of public service of the Russian state in the XVIII -earlyXX centuries.

The article studies the formation of state-building in modern Russia during the period from the destruction of the USSR to the present day. The author emphasizes that the Russian state is one of the oldest in the world with a historically established system of state administration. At the same time, Russian democracy is one of the youngest on the European continent; from this point, it is concluded that reforming process in Russia should be carried out evolutionarily, taking into account domestic and best international experience. The analysis shows that during this period changes have taken place not only in the goals and objectives, as well in the main activities covering various issues of the system of state and municipal administration but also in conceptual approaches to its development. Having studied and applied advanced world experience, the government institutions in the Russian Federation have acquired many features connected to the history of the country and its federal structure. The author studies the history of the formation and stages of changes in the regulatory legal framework, which ensures the operation of the entire system of public administration in Russia. In a formal and legal aspect, the President of the Russian Federation does not belong to any branch of government power but has a significant amount of authority concerning each of them; that is why a specific role in the management process is assigned to him. In the Russian Federation, a system of state and municipal service has been formed, with particular attention paid to training and retraining of professional personnel, combating corruption, and encouraging decent (ethical) behavior of civil servants. It is emphasized that the goals of the administrative reform are aimed to improve the quality and accessibility of public services, to limit government intervention in the economy, to increase the efficiency of the executive authorities; the reform will continue despite the new challenges that the state may face. The conclusion states that in some areas, the reforms have led to essential changes in public administration and an improvement in the quality of life of the population; administrative reform is viewed as an objective need to bring the system of state and municipal administration in line with the constitutionally enshrined principles of the country’s development.

The editorial board begins a series of publications devoted to the evolution of the systems of public administration of the countries formed after the collapse of the USSR in 1991.

The article is devoted to revealing the specifics of the implementation of such areas of constitutional law as the constitutionalization of international law and the internationalization of constitutional law by the example of additions to Article 79 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, as well as the practices of the Italian Constitutional Court, the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany, etc. The author examined in sufficient detail the procedures for extending the effect of international law and international treaties of Russia to the national legal system, analyzed the concept of counter-limits in European and national judicial practice, presented the basic principles of interaction between European and national courts (the principle of subsidiarity, the principle of proportionality, the principle of ‘sincere cooperation’, method of ‘dialogue of judges’). There is a need for an updated understanding of the term ‘constitutional sovereignty of the state’, which is based on domestic norms on fundamental rights and norms on the foundations of the constitutional system, which presupposes the inadmissibility of any foreign or international influence that violates the requirement of priority of the norms and principles of the national Constitution in the national legal system. The article substantiates the expediency of using the doctrine of counter-limits in the Russian Federation as an instrument of constitutional self-defense, ensuring constitutional sovereignty and preserving constitutional identity.

In XIX century there was more than just a shortage of officials for new ministries (more officials were required than for collegiums), but also a lack of proper education for officials because the collegial management experience was not very useful, and sometimes it was even harmful. In the first third of the XIX century, the heads of the Russian state realized the importance of officials' training in universities, which, according to G.V. Plekhanov, is achieved through career education. Government circles gradually accepted the importance of enlightenment to improve the quality of work of officials. Despite this, in the first quarter of the XIX century, the basic organizations for education were in boarding houses and military schools. University and elite-lyceum education began to appear only during the reign of Nicholas I. The article is devoted to the analysis of the formation of the system of educational institutions to train civil servants of the Russian Empire in the XIX century.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the formation of the system of educational institutions that trained civil servantsof the Russian Empire in the 18th century. The implementation of global government reforms at the beginning of the 18th centuryrequired a large number of competent officials. They had to be prepared for the future profession. Established in 1687, the Hellenic-Greek Academy (in 1701 - Slavic-Latin, and in 1775 - Slavic-Greek-Latin) Academy in Moscow, being, in fact, an ecclesiasticaleducational institution, did not solve the problem of training personnel for public administration. Peter I outlined the need for specialtraining for officials. He saw the prospect of developing the cadre of the state apparatus in filling it with educated noblemen, andthey were to be trained, first of all, by the central institutions themselves: the Senate, the most important colleges and chancelleries.The idea of this was contained in the General Regulations (1720), where there was an appeal to the nobility and petty official peopleto give their children in colleges and chancellery to study the science of order, and in the Table of Ranks (1722), which determinedthe order of training of noble young people, for which vacancies of the College-Junkers were opened in the institutions. Thesuccessors of Peter I, albeit with less enthusiasm, continued the work of the great reformer for the training of the nobility, whomandatorily were fallen into the rows of military and civil ranks. In connection with the establishment of the Imperial MoscowUniversity in 1755, an unexpected conflict arose between the duty of the nobility to serve and receive education. The prospects ofthe civil service, in contrast to the ‘hardships and deprivations of military service', led to great interest of noble youth to it.

The article is a book review on the systematization of the experience of the Republic of Singapore in the field of humanresource management in the public administration system, the practical application of modern personnel technologies in order toimprove the efficiency and effectiveness of public service, published by Publishing house ‘Planeta' in 2019. The textbookschematically presents some individual aspects of Singapore's experience in building an effective system of public administration,in particular, the evolution of approaches to public administration, issues of the state civil service reform, special features of humanresources management, etc. The author emphasizes that the peer-reviewed textbook has theoretical and practical value, contributes to a deeper understanding ofthe content of the processes of reform and development of the public service among readers, in particular their continuous and systematicnature, where each stage is not the final process, but the next iteration on the way to perfection that meets modern realities and ensuresreadiness for future challenges, including those caused by technological breakthroughs and an ever-changing picture of the world.

The article discusses the concept of constitutional patriotism, its content and role in the theory of statebuilding and theconstitutional process based on the analysis of scientific sources, the practice of constitutional design and modeling. Conductingempirical research, the author uses the methods of comparative law, classifies and interprets historical data and, thanks to asystematic approach, synthesizes conclusions about the meaning and role of constitutional patriotism in constitutional theory andpractice. The main differences of constitutional patriotism from such concepts as civil patriotism, democratic nationalism andconstitutional nationalism are revealed, the key priorities of this doctrine (constant open political communication of all participantsof the democratic process), its fundamental elements (unity of popular sovereignty and unity of the civic nation), as well as risksand threats of its use in the statelegal life of the Russian Federation. On the basis of a detailed analysis of foreign sources,revealing the content and purpose of constitutional patriotism, the prospects for its use in the state law doctrine of the RussianFederation and abroad are explored. In particular, it is concluded that the main idea in implementing key provisions of the doctrineof constitutional patriotism in the Russian discourse is to understand it exclusively in the version of the nationwide ‘Russian culturalpatriotism', which presupposes the strengthening of Russian civil identity based on the spiritual, moral and cultural values of thepeoples of the Russian Federation. It is argued that the unification of the nation on the basis of the principles of constitutionalpatriotism does not occur by itself, constitutional patriotism is required to learn.

On the eve of the anniversary of the adoption of the Constitution of the Russian Federation in 1993, the authors of the article examine the system of state power in the country, built in accordance with the provisions of the Basic law; analyze the state-legal model and the history of its construction. It is noted that the state-legal model of Russia reflects its historical and legal traditions, and the previous constitutions fixed and declared the goals and objectives of the relevant stages of the state development of the country. Offering to consider the retrospective of the events preceding the adoption of the Constitution, the authors demonstrate the regularity of the appearance of the document in the form in which it was put to the popular vote. The Constitution of 1993, drawing a line under the change of the political system in Russia and declaring the values of a free, sovereign, democratic state, reflected the confrontation of various political forces in the country, which enshrined in the provisions of the Constitution a certain imbalance of power. However, the authors come to the conclusion that the Constitution has the necessary flexibility, which gives stability to the political regime, and allows to develop the institutions of parliamentarism, executive bodies, judicial system. In addition, it is concluded that the Constitution has an organic perception of the historical features of the Russian system of power, which some call ‘Russian democracy', with its pronounced personalistic character.

The anniversary of the French Constitution gives timeliness to an attempt to revise the models of organization of state power reflected in it. Taking into account the approaching round date in the history of the Russian Constitution and the opinion shared by many researchers about the similarity of the Basic Laws of the two countries, the analysis of the origins of formation, the conditions of becoming, and the specifics of functioning of the French Constitution is extremely relevant. The paper considers the history of creating the document, the changes that it has undergone since its adoption, the fundamental distinctive features, methods and mechanisms of interaction between the branches of government. The Constitution of the Fifth Republic was adopted at a time of crisis for France. Analyzing the provisions enshrined in the Constitution, the authors come to the conclusion that, despite the difficulties of formation, the model of organization of state power in France has been formed. The complex nature allows it, depending on the political conjuncture, to become either parliamentary or presidential. This ensures the stability and efficiency of the model during periods of coexistence of the authorities and under presidential-parliamentary power.

The article is a development of the author's speech at the section ‘Trianon Dialogue: Russian-French Cooperation in the Sphere of Education' organized by the Institute of Public Administration and Civil Service within the framework of the Gaidar Forum 2018. The article presents an analysis of the state of the Russian-French cooperation in the field of higher education, provides statistics on the development of the bilateral interaction. The author cites data that testifies to the rapid development of the educational services market throughout the world. Education is becoming one of the components of the geopolitical positioning of the countries, and in addition, a significant sector of the economy. It is noted that Russia has concluded the largest number of joint educational programs with France. Extensive experience in the implementation of such programs allows the author to analyze the ‘bottlenecks' of cooperation and suggest possible ways to overcome them. In particular, it is emphasized that both Russian and French colleagues pay more attention to joint master's programs, explaining such a choice by better language training of older students and their higher motivation. The author suggests to answer the question: How will the well-prepared and motivated students of the master's degree appear, if they do not get the corresponding education in the bachelor's degree? It is noted that today cooperation with foreign colleagues is carried out, mainly, by forces and due to the enthusiasm of the universities themselves, and such activities necessarily require state participation and coordination while maintaining the independence of universities.

В статье рассматриваются история принятия конституционных актов, их основные положения с точки зрения реализации политических задач и общественных ожиданий, анализируется правовой смысл положений, которые не могут быть на практике реализованы и остаются социально значимыми мифами, без которых государство и общество не способны нормально функционировать.

The article reveals the content of the theory of “Constitutional patriotism” concerning the interests and needs of the constitutional legal development of Russia. The constitutional legal phenomena of the Federal Republic of Germany have been specially studied; views of German lawyers and philosophers as ‘fathers‘ of this theory are given. On the basis of the detailed analysis of foreign sources revealing the content and designation of the constitutional patriotism the article investigates perspectives of its application in the state legal doctrine of the Russian Federation and abroad.

The author reviews bills presented to Parliament for debate which limit the right of federal and municipal employees as well as their spouses and minor children to open accounts in foreign banks, possess property abroad and purchase foreign company stocks.

One of the recent documents expanding on the offensive nature of the anti-corruption action plan is President Dmitry Medvedev's executive order On professional upgrading of public officials whose responsibilities include countering corruption in 2010. The Russian Academy of Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation has been assigned as the only contractor for the 2010 government order for this training programme. The article presents the content of the programme and its first outcomes.