Surpkelova Amina

The article examines methods for determining a country’s comparative advantages in international food markets. It should be noted that the strategic development of the agro-industrial complex in line with global trends allows for a balanced foreign economic policy and creates additional momentum for both economic growth and strengthening the country’s position on the international stage. In this regard, it is becoming increasingly important to analyze the comparative advantages of countries in the agri-food markets. The methodology relies on factor analysis of export growth, encompassing its split into diversification and consolidation, along with intensive and extended development. The authors provide a summary of both domestic and international studies on this subject. The article explores Kazakhstan as a case study to analyze the implementation of the Balassa index in evaluating export competitiveness and identifying its growth drivers and potential. The article concludes with recommendations on applying these findings to increase the export of agricultural products in the CIS and EAEU countries.

The evolution of information technology and the Internet has made the issue of personal data security relevant to new types of risks and vulnerabilities. The article focuses on the core international legal norms, standards, and conventions centered on protecting individual rights in the field of digital security. The authors identify the strong and weak points of existing mechanisms and their relevance in addressing the challenges of today’s digital environment. The author emphasizes the significance of constant updates and adaptations of international legal instruments in order to ensure efficient protection of individuals from digital risks, given the rapid advancement of technology and the emergence of new categories of security threats. Digital technologies have the potential to both reduce and exacerbate discrimination in different areas of life. It is important to keep in mind that technologies are generally neutral, but their design, application, and algorithms can be a source of discrimination. Threats in cyberspace are often cross-border in nature and addressing them requires the joint efforts of the global community.

The article analyzes political and legal measures to counter threats to critical information infrastructure (CII). The authors explain the concept of CII in Russia and abroad, examine how its objects are covered, and discuss the steps Russia has taken to safeguard CII considering the principal risks to information security in 2017-2023. The sanctions regime places unique challenges in the area of CII protection. Sanctions pressure and other political challenges vastly facilitated the development of new security measures. The success of the protective policy is demonstrated by the increase in the proportion of domestically produced electronics purchased by state-owned businesses and government clients in 2023. The current risks related to foreign electronics being vulnerable to cyberattacks need to be addressed. In response to these challenges, new security systems are gradually being introduced for CII protection.