Vol. 20 No. 6 (2018)

On the eve of the anniversary of the adoption of the Constitution of the Russian Federation in 1993, the authors of the article examine the system of state power in the country, built in accordance with the provisions of the Basic law; analyze the state-legal model and the history of its construction. It is noted that the state-legal model of Russia reflects its historical and legal traditions, and the previous constitutions fixed and declared the goals and objectives of the relevant stages of the state development of the country. Offering to consider the retrospective of the events preceding the adoption of the Constitution, the authors demonstrate the regularity of the appearance of the document in the form in which it was put to the popular vote. The Constitution of 1993, drawing a line under the change of the political system in Russia and declaring the values of a free, sovereign, democratic state, reflected the confrontation of various political forces in the country, which enshrined in the provisions of the Constitution a certain imbalance of power. However, the authors come to the conclusion that the Constitution has the necessary flexibility, which gives stability to the political regime, and allows to develop the institutions of parliamentarism, executive bodies, judicial system. In addition, it is concluded that the Constitution has an organic perception of the historical features of the Russian system of power, which some call ‘Russian democracy', with its pronounced personalistic character.

2018 marks the 25th anniversary of the adoption of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. The anniversary date is a reason not only for the celebrations that took place throughout the country, but also for summarizing the results of the past years, analyzing the structure of the state system, which could or could not be formed within the framework outlined by the Basic law of the country. The Russian Academy of national economy and public administration brought together experts, well-known scientists, statesmen, politicians, including those who took part in the drafting of the Constitution. The participants of the discussion were invited to Express their views on the stability of the Constitution, its compliance with real life in the country, share their views on the prospects of the Basic law. Many speeches raised concerns about the prospects of the document, raised issues of human rights, proposed the development of the Constitution using the tools laid down in the Constitution itself. Despite some challenges, the conference noted the sustainability and flexibility of the Constitution, the wide variation within its framework, and the importance and role of the Basic law for the sustainable development of the country. The article presents a brief overview of the discussion held on December 5, 2018 in Ranepa, and dedicated to the 25th anniversary of the adoption of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. The event was organized by the Institute of public service and management of the Presidential Academy together with the Association of lawyers of Russia.

The article is devoted to the provision of public services as one of the aspects of administrative reform. The author considers the specificity, development and legislative support of administrative reform and comes to the conclusion about the beginning of its new stage and gradual introduction of methods and tools of ‘new public administration'. It is noted that the final consumer, able to assess the effectiveness of public services, is a citizen. People's satisfaction with interaction with the state has become the main ‘driver' of improving the quality of public services. The introduction of the system of public services in Russia contributed to the development of a new culture of interaction between government and society. The time has come to extend this experience to the entire public service workforce, including those who are not directly involved in the provision of services to citizens. This refers to the orientation of performance towards concrete, measurable and socially significant results. Such an approach, in addition to increasing the satisfaction of citizens, can significantly increase the motivation of civil servants to interest them in the quality of the performance of their duties. The creation of multifunctional centers ‘My Documents' indicates a vector for reforming the civil service - it is overcoming the departmental disunity, closure of the civil service system, the inclusion of various social groups and professional communities in assessing the effectiveness of the state apparatus. In addition, the ‘digitalization' of public services significantly reduces their potential corruption, thus making the state more transparent.

Wages in the civil service in Russia have traditionally been assessed as insufficiently competitive. At the same time, no systematic studies of this problem have been conducted. This article presents data on the level and structure of remuneration of civil servants, including by categories and groups of positions, assesses the level of its competitiveness in comparison with the civil service of the countries of the Organization for economic cooperation and development, and with wages in the economy as a whole. The results of the comparative analysis show that, taking into account the differences in gross domestic product per capita, the level of remuneration of Russian civil servants employed in Central offices, in general, corresponds to similar indicators for the countries of the Organization for economic cooperation and development. The competitiveness of labor remuneration in the civil service varies considerably depending on the place of employment and the category of positions. The greatest difficulty is represented by the substituting positions of categories ‘heads' and ‘experts' in territorial offices of Federal Executive authorities and in the Central offices of Federal departments. The paper provides recommendations on priority areas for improving the competitiveness of the remuneration of civil servants. The author substantiates the need to increase the share of permanent (guaranteed) wages in the overall structure of monetary remuneration of civil servants, as well as to ensure the transparency of the entire system.

In the article, the author raises the question of imbalance between the duty of civil servants to hand over information on incomes, property and liabilities of property character, as well as on the expenses (of their own, of the spouse and minor children) and the absence of a duty of the spouse or tax authorities, Federal registration service, STSI and credit organizations to provide this information to a civil servant. This study becomes relevant in connection with the ongoing campaign to collect this information. The author considers various issues of anti-corruption legislation, their objective and subjective aspects. Since the objectives of anti-corruption legislation are to counteract corruption, to prevent and combat it, and to minimize and eliminate the consequences of such offenses, an important element in submitting information is good faith and the lack of intent and intention to deceive. The legislation gives the right for the representative of the employer to check the information provided to civil servants and request for this purpose the necessary information in tax authorities, Federal registration Service, STSI, credit and other organizations. However, the civil servant is deprived of the possibility to request similar information for his spouse without having the written power of attorney. The family member does not have such liability either; he is not responsible for the failure to submit data. In such situation, the civil servant may have the risk of losing his/her job.

The article provides a detailed description of the main provisions presented in the six-volume edition of the book by Atamanchuk, G. V. - the most prominent theorist of modern public administration. The author characterizes the composition of the book, reveals the originality of its subjects, emphasizes the importance of in-depth analysis of problems (essence, value, management efficiency, ideological, philosophical and ideological basis, etc.). The value of this book is not only in the disclosure of the philosophical foundations of management, but also in the opportunity to get acquainted with the basic philosophical schools, each of which has its own characteristics. Ideology is considered in the work as a system of views that reflects certain types of social interests. All this allows the author to draw a conclusion about the need for advanced, creative management impact on all elements of social reality. With specific examples, the nature of management is revealed, it shows its image in the system of life phenomena, clarifies its essence, structure, psychological aspects, technology of implementation. In his book, Atamanchuk, G. V., examines in detail the preparation, adoption and execution of management decisions. Insufficiently studied psychological aspects of management are explained. The role of staff in the overall management, training, motivation and responsibility mechanism is a priority among the organizational and security measures to improve the effectiveness of these activities. The fifth volume includes updated material of the famous course of lectures on public administration, which has been repeatedly published in our country.

The purpose of this article is to consider the general causes and conditions of occurrence, as well as the organizational features of the earliest proto-state authority - the institution of the military warchief. The genesis of this institution was due to the crisis of the late clan system. As a factual basis, the article used data on the late clan society of the Germans and Slavs. The author identifies common causes of politogenesis (origin of government). This, in turn, involves consideration of the main power-organizational and political-administrative processes that took place during the decomposition of the late tribal system. The substantial analysis of these processes allows us to establish that the tribal authorities at the last stage of their existence were faced with a crisis of control caused by a profound transformation of the object of management (the tribal community) and the loss of power capabilities of the managing subject. The way out of the crisis of controllability was the creation within the tribe of a constantly operating authority based not on local (communal-clan), but on territorial principle. The socio-economic and political processes of the late clan system caused a situation in which only a military warchief's institute could be such an authority. The territorial organization of the power of the military warchief gives reason to see in this governing body the first proto-state institution, i.e. an institution that contained the organizational beginning of state power. The emergence of such an institution (with a fundamentally different amount of competence) inevitably caused conflicts and regulatory conflicts between it and the old tribal authorities. Strengthening the power of the military warchief occurred in the process of formation of a new socially significant tribal group -druzhina and the emergence of allied tribal formations.

The article presents the goals and objectives of monitoring the implementation of strategic planning documents, as well as the problems of monitoring and control of implementation of strategic planning documents in the municipalities of the Russian Federation. The analysis of the implementation and financing of the municipal education programs has been carried out, the methodology and criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of such programs have been presented, and measures have been identified to improve monitoring effectiveness. The implementation of strategic planning documents, on the one hand, allows to program goals for improving the population life of a particular municipality, to plan budget expenditures for achieving some specific goal. On the other hand, it provides an opportunity to envisage program expenditures in the budget. Strategic planning documents ensure target indicators setting, control over the execution and effectiveness of management decisions. In the preparation and implementation of municipal programs to identify the most pressing problems in the social sphere, it is necessary to involve the population of the region and specialists in various fields of activity in norm-setting activities. Quarterly assessment of the implementation of strategic planning documents will improve the annual effectiveness of monitoring and control over the implementation of strategic planning documents.

The article presents the results of a detailed analysis of the proposed legal concepts of regulation of digital financial assets in the Russian Federation. The key advantages and disadvantages of legal models, features of the mechanism of legal regulation, existing shortcomings and advantages are identified. In particular, the analysis identified conceptual contradictions and shortcomings of the bills ‘On alternative ways to attract investment (crowdfunding)', ‘On digital financial assets', ‘On amendments to parts one, two and four of the Civil code of the Russian Federation', as well as the final bill ‘On digital financial assets and on amendments to certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation'. On the basis of the detailed analysis the authors come to the conclusion about the inconsistency of the concept of the final bill. In particular, it is argued that the proposed regulation is unsystematic and illogical. The authors express concern about the inconsistencies in the interpretation of digital financial assets in the framework of the proposed bill, the global practice of understanding such assets, as well as the conceptual contradictions to the FATF position. In addition, the authors offer an analysis of the bill ‘On digital assets' developed by the Center for digital economy and financial innovation of MGIMO University.

Проанализированы проблемы формирования суперсистемы цифровой экономики в России с использованием ключевой бизнес-модели совместного использования государственными ведомствами и коммерческими структурами цифровых активов с итоговым выходом комплекса информационных систем государственных ведомств на новое качество управления на основе принципа самонастраивающейся интеграции. Интеграция стандартизированных сетевых инфраструктур с применением облачных принципов, предполагающих распределенную и удаленную обработку и хранение данных на основе взаимодействия и объединения корпоративных сетевых сред различных владельцев (арендаторов и т.п.) цифровых активов, позволяет осуществить превращение традиционных линейно-иерархических цепей управленческих транзакций в подключенные, интеллектуальные, масштабируемые, настраиваемые и распределенные управленческие сети. Внедрение универсальных оболочек любых бизнес-процессов позволяет обеспечить устойчивость цифровой экономики России.
The article analyzes the problems of forming a super-system of the digital economy in Russia using the key business model of joint use of digital assets by state departments and commercial structures with the final output of a complex of information systems of state departments for a new quality of management based on the principle of self-adjusting integration. Integration of standardized network infrastructures using cloud principles that involve distributed and remote processing and storage of data on the basis of interaction and integration of corporate network environments of different owners (tenants, etc.) of digital assets, allows the conversion of traditional linear hierarchical chains of management transactions in connected, intelligent, scalable, customizable and distributed management networks. The introduction of universal shells of any business processes allows to ensure the stability of the digital economy of Russia.

In connection with the numerous scandals surrounding the election of the US President in 2016, the phrase ‘fake news' has gradually become common. Since the Western media repeatedly stated that the fake news was spread by Russian citizens to influence the outcome of the election of the American president, the very concept became an instrument discrediting Russia in the eyes of the world community. This article presents the history of this concept, describes the gradual process of how the phrase ‘fake news' was fixed in the mass consciousness. The authors make a comparative analysis of the content of this term, pointing to its difference from traditional methods of propaganda, and define the boundaries of the concept, separating fake news from low-quality journalistic materials. Fake news can have multiple goals. The trend of commercialization of periodical magazines and a tough competitive environment that has arisen with the growing popularity of new media, forcing to publish unverified materials, sometimes even knowingly false, but with the prospect of becoming popular. Therefore, for the media publication of fake news is, first of all, economic value. False news, thanks to modern technology, has affected the majority of the population; therefore, they have great potential to be an effective tool of information warfare. Modern researchers of mass communications are increasingly coming to the conclusion that, although fake news is widespread, its impact on public opinion is small, while measures to combat such news can have a negative effect.

The article analyzes the relationship between demographic and urban indicators used in the preparation of sectoral and regional strategies for the development of social infrastructure (on the example of the Perm region). The authors develop the thesis of the importance of taking into account demographic factors in assessing such characteristics. The paper presents a system of tables, which systematized indicators of development and improvement of the housing stock, as well as the provision of housing. These data affect the calculation of the volume of regulatory needs in social infrastructure. Traditionally, urban planning of social infrastructure is linked to housing development and housing provision. Such a planning system is vulnerable, since an increase in indicators may be due to a decrease in population. The developed specialized system of tables characterizing the development and improvement of the housing stock, as well as the provision of housing, makes it possible to correctly assess the relationship between housing, demographic processes and the development of social infrastructure facilities. The work systematizes town-planning indicators characterizing the development and improvement of the housing stock, as well as housing provision. They affect the calculation of the volume of regulatory needs in social infrastructure. Information is differentiated for urban and rural settlements, for multi-unit and individual residential buildings.

Modern technologies create new opportunities for higher education and lifelong learning. Electronic technologies are changing its character: institutions of higher education all over the world are forced to respond to the growing demand for online education in a distance format (both at the level of basic and additional programs). Online universities are emerging in the world; their model is recognized as one of the five promising Russian education export projects. In Russia, online education has been developing rapidly since 2013. The government of the Russian Federation has adopted a number of projects aimed at improving it, especially in higher education. Thus, since 2017, there is a project ‘Development of the export potential of the Russian education system', which aims to export Russian educational programs to the international market (including in digital format). The authors studied the information base of Russian universities that implement online education in foreign languages, developed criteria for assessing the created products, their success, as well as the main strategies for promoting online courses in foreign languages with the help of infrastructure, regulatory, information, organizational and marketing tools. The paper compares the international experience in the development of MOOCs, the infrastructure of their promotion, and the Russian practice of creating online courses (programs) in foreign languages. Another task was to develop a strategy to promote Russian MOOCs. Finally, on the basis of the original model, the relationship between online programs and the University rating is traced. This study continues the discussion on higher education reforms and opportunities for its export.

The authors note that the need to manage the creative economy requires a leader of a fundamentally new generation, able to take risks in conditions of high uncertainty of achieving results, forming project teams that solve problems with a high degree of efficiency. At the same time, today in the theory of leadership there is a lack of formalized mechanisms for managers of a new type, as well as the regulatory framework governing the training of such leaders. The article gives a conceptual substantiation of scientific approaches to the development of the theory called by the authors ‘The theory of convergent leadership', the subject of which is the formation of teams and the implementation of management of teams and project teams in the context of the creative economy. The need for new theoretical approaches is associated with the search for the most effective management mechanisms in the conditions of rapid changes in the requirements for the results of the growing market competition. The authors carried out a comparison of the convergent leader and manager competencies, and revealed that the key feature of convergent leadership is not only to solve the tasks, but also to preserve and enhance the potential of the team (staff members) and each employee individually as a key to success in a strategic perspective. The approaches to the training of convergent leaders in the system of further professional education are justified.

The article considers possible scenarios of introduction of mechanisms of Soviet and French models of cinema management in modern economic conditions. Nowadays the most part of social and cultural sectors in Russia including filmmaking are financed at the expense of budgetary funds. The lack of theoretical development of the problem and the urgent practical need for the formation of effective ways to manage the film industry determine the relevance of addressing this topic. The interest in the issue is quite natural taking into account the fact that in the early 2000s, in the conditions of insufficient budgetary financing of domestic film industry, the course towards the introduction of refundable financial mechanism to film production was chosen. In accordance with the decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of January 26, 2016 № 38 ‘on the provision of subsidies from the Federal budget to support the cinema', since January 2016 the Fund for social and economic support of national cinematography directs funds for the production of national films on condition of 100% repayment of the funds provided. The author presents the conclusions made on the basis of the study of literature on the subject of research, analysis of its historical development, the mechanism of financing of the film process in the Soviet period, as well as the systems of state support for French and Polish cinema. The paper proves that the effective management of the domestic film industry requires the development of quality mechanisms to improve state support. They are based on generalized international and domestic experience. The author proposes measures aimed at improving the state support for film production, in particular, the transition to off-budget financing of the film industry and the transfer of the functions of its investor to film screenings and secondary markets for domestic films.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the position of children with disabilities in Russian Federation based on world trajectories and Russian experience of social policy, digital economy and the resulting new social challenges. Digital transformation of the economy requires the acquisition of the new skills, increasing competition and dynamism in the labor market. In particularly hard conditions are people who find it difficult to compete due to health problems and disabilities, which necessitates their social protection. Many people with disabilities, including children, are able to master digital skills, provided they have access to necessary special knowledge. The task of the state and society is to include people in need of social protection in the public life that undergoes a digital transformation, especially for children who will have to live in new, gradually changing conditions that require qualitatively new knowledge and skills. The development of civil society institutions, the increase in the number of charitable projects, the expansion of the spheres of activity of non-profit organizations testify that there is a growing need for help and support for citizens unable to withstand competition in the digital economy, and that the state finds it increasingly difficult to cope with new challenges. The ways to overcome the challenges of digital economy, such as the release of a significant amount of labor and difficulties in securing their continued employment, have yet to be developed.

The article analyzes the problems of forming a super-system of the digital economy in Russia using the key business model of joint use of digital assets by state departments and commercial structures with the final output of a complex of information systems of state departments for a new quality of management based on the principle of self-adjusting integration. Integration of standardized network infrastructures using cloud principles that involve distributed and remote processing and storage of data on the basis of interaction and integration of corporate network environments of different owners (tenants, etc.) of digital assets, allows the conversion of traditional linear hierarchical chains of management transactions in connected, intelligent, scalable, customizable and distributed management networks. The introduction of universal shells of any business processes allows to ensure the stability of the digital economy of Russia.