Vol. 19 No. 3 (2017)

In the recent years various issues related to the reform of civil service of the Russian Federation, the necessity of improving its foundations and change the professional, socio-psychological and moral state have been discussed. Being social - managerial education it is in the constant interaction with civil society institutions, the development of which is considered as the strategic task connected with the formation of the modern foundations of the Russian society as a source of the democratic processes and their stability. A lot of questions and complaints relate directly to the state civil servants who are in the social contact with the population and representatives of various business, social, political and other organizations. This article contains analytical materials of sociological research «The actual problems of functioning and development of state civil service of the Russian Federation» conducted by the sociological group, scientists, doctoral candidates and post-graduate students of the Institute of Public Administration and Civil Service of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration (October 2016 - March 2017; directed by professor K.O. Magomedov). The relevance of the study stems from the fact that the multilateral study of the problems of civil service, its internal and external social environment allows to solve many tasks connected with the activation of activities of bodies of state power and administration, to optimize the interaction of the government with civil society institutions and the population. Two thematic areas of research are presented in the paper: 1) society attitude towards public administration; 2) the image of the state bodies and the authority of civil servants.

The article presents the results of the generalization and analysis of the data on issues of professional activities of state civil servants of the Russian Federation, held in the Institute of Public Administration and Civil Service at the RANEPA in 2012 -2017. Based on the methodology of the mechanism of labor motivation in the organization as the process of social needs transformation into the state of job satisfaction, the analysis of professional motivation condition in the Russian Federation and the causes of its deformation is presented. The negative trend in the staffing environment of the civil service is noted. The grounds for changes of work motivation under the influence of processes of deprofessionalisation, nepotism and cadre corruption leading to the growth of dissatisfaction and destructive motivation of civil servants are disclosed. The formation of professional motivation of civil servants is regarded as the backbone factor of the increase of the efficiency of the state service. The results of the performed analysis allow us to make the conclusion about the necessity of an integrated approach to solving the problem of formation of professional motivation of state civil servants. The author emphasizes that creation of the servicing motivation towards the state, instead of the satisfaction of employees' private needs will require a range of measures and gives a number of suggestions for increasing professional motivation. They are based on the synergistic effect of moral encouragement, which certainly must include the prestige improvement of the civil service, the relief and correction of identified deficiencies and fair material reward of the efficient work of civil servants.

The article analyzes biographical data and outlines the results of personal and professional diagnosis for managers and specialists of the State Civil Service system and breaks down the identified trends. The urgency, the base, and the research tools are described. The theoretical model of the structure of administrative functions for managers at different levels of the managerial hierarchy is stated, according to which, the top management positions for their effective performance require from the manager not only and not so much knowledge and skills in management but the presence of clear vision of the activity significance, its content, «insight» both in the general context of a particular organizational structure activity and in a broader social context. The results of a comparative data analysis (by age, sex, position), obtained on the basis of the comparative analysis of groups of the State Civil Service leaders and leaders who are not civil servants are presented. The comparative analysis of the characteristics of the State Civil Service leaders, who have different class ranks for the four most pronounced indicators: «leadership and desire for independence», «propensity and ability to subordinate», «social mobility», as well as «readiness for training», is presented. The data is shown on the relationship between class ranks of the state civil servants holding executive positions in the State Civil Service system and their personal and professional characteristics. The results of the research presented in the article allow us to conclude that it is the development of the motivational component that is the basis for improving the entire system of working with class ranks as a real tool to motivate state civil servants.

The article highlights the results of the research work carried out from 2013 to 2017, the aim of which was to study the organizational and socio-pedagogical issues of scientific work of the military of the research squadrons. Service activities of operators of the air force research squadrons was the subject of the study. Since their formation in 2013, research squadrons evolved from a local experiment to a fully fledged network of units solving theoretical and applied problems in terms of different scientific areas. Informational openness of the project contributes to the construction of an attractive image of the Armed forces of the Russian Federation as a reliable social institution, as well as contributes to the growth of motivation of the operators, their commanders and scientific supervisors to achieve higher results in work. The study showed that the new form of military conscription service enables citizens to perform their patriotic duty without loss of professional competencies. Most operators chose to be soldiers in the research squadrons based on pragmatic considerations: in order to pass compulsory service in the army without departing from the chosen professional path, to improve and augment research skills and to gain new research experience. The assessments given by the military to various aspects and conditions of activities in the research squadron in general are positive. During the period of the research the growth of the military identity was observed, in other words, the operators identified themselves with the group of the conscript military servicemen and, taking into consideration the specifics of the service, with the officers as well. The authors conclude that the idea of conscription of the successful graduates from civilian universities for services to research squadrons for five years has proven its viability and productivity.

The modern implementation issues of anti-corruption requirements of the Russian legislation by commercial organizations are considered in the article, the current proposals of the executive authorities concerning the introduction of a set of mandatory requirements for the prevention of corruption for the individual types of organizations are analyzed by the authors. The authors note that only state efforts in the fight against corruption is clearly not enough, we need a synergy of cooperation with business and civil society. Moreover, the business community is, in fact, most interested in the fight against corruption part of the society. Therefore, within this community its own anti-corruption standards of conduct and conflict of interest resolution, prepared in accordance with the current global recommendations are developed and adopted. For example, the anti-corruption charter of the Russian business has been acting for several years in the country, which is highly appreciated by the state and the global community. The charter gained the status of a methodological center, where the tools of self-regulation of the anti-corruption activity of the Russian companies are developed. Moreover, the business is closely monitoring the business climate in the country, which ultimately affects the investment activity. The authors of the article made the special mention of the issues of the adequacy and the effectiveness of the measures taken by state and private companies to combat corruption. The conclusion is made that measures of state regulation in this sphere need to be complemented by the independent activity of the companies for improving the corporate governance practices. Particular attention is drawn to the need to adopt government solutions of stimulating anticorruption actiity within the business community.

The essence of corruption and its main causes are investigated in the article; the differences of those causes from the conditions conducive to the commission of corruption offenses are characterized. The construction method of the so-called «principal-agency» relationship model is used by the authors. On the basis of the obtained results, some proposals have been formulated to improve the domestic anti-corruption mechanism. Corruption is a double-sided phenomenon. Corrupt officials will receive undeserved benefits, take bribes, etc. till they are bribed by ordinary citizens and businessmen (corrupters). Only the country in which citizens basically do not give and do not provoke bribes, and officials do not take and do not extort them on conviction (the emphasis on the bribe is made because of its greatest prevalence in the structure of corruption criminality) can be «clean» from corruption. The main priority of the state anti-corruption policy should be the formation in the society of principal and active rejection of corruption by all citizens regardless of their social status. Taking into account the mentioned circumstances educational measures must be put forward in the national system of anti-corruption. To tell the truth, they will not produce an effect at once, but will be effective later.

The process of development of domestic legislation in the sphere of state and municipal needs provision is traced by the author in the article; certain normative acts are analyzed. The problems of relations in the procurement of goods, work, services are considered. The analysis of the judicial practice of cases related to purchasing of goods, work, services for ensuring state and municipal needs is given. The author draws attention to the lack of uniformity of judicial practice, proposes measures for eliminating legal conflicts in the application of procurement legislation. The ways of reforming of the contract system legislation in the sphere of procurement are considered. The author considers some particular procedures for selecting suppliers (contractors, executors) based on the provisions of modern procurement legislation, in particular - Federal Law № 44 of April 5, 2013 «On the contract system in the procurement of goods, work, services to ensure state and municipal needs», Federal Law of July 18, 2011 № 223 «On the procurement of goods, works, services by certain types of legal entities». The analysis of the powers of executive bodies in the sphere of ensuring state and municipal needs and measures for control implementation is presented. The author practically does not touch the collisions of the current legal regulations concerning the contractual system in the procurement sphere; she does not interpret those regulations, but makes an attempt to draw attention to the unwieldiness of the legislation in this sphere.

The article is a review of the history of development of system and legislative framework for the management of construction in the Russian Empire and the USSR during the XVIII-XX centuries. Sources of legal regulation of construction at the local level were documents of administrative nature (orders of governors and provincial authorities exercising supervision in the field of construction, provincial architects and engineers). These included permissive or prohibitive resolutions on specific applications of developers, registration and descriptive documents, governor's circulars of administrative content, etc. The competence of administrations in the field was determined by the relevant provisions of the Construction Charter. By the end of the XIX - beginning of the XX century there appeared a variety of sources of town planning law - the normative acts of local selfgovernment bodies, newly created in the course of the Zemstvo reform and deep reorganization of the city Dumas. The legal system developed in the Russian Empire under which the state rigidly regulated all aspects of construction activity up to the layouts and facades of private buildings was generally in line with the new ideology; so, in the first years after the revolutionary events of 1917 the sphere of construction management underwent less radical changes as compared to other branches.

The article is devoted to the study of the principles of process-oriented public administration. The problems of the relevant interpretation and the possibilities of their applicability in the framework of the system of public administration are shown. The author's definition of the concept of process-oriented state management is presented in the article. The differences between process-oriented, project-oriented and functionally-oriented types of administration are shown. The work is based on the use of the research methods of the systemic analysis, synthesis and induction. The distinctive characteristics of the process-oriented public administration notion were described with the help of these methods, as well as the determinants of the limitation of the possibilities of the use of this concept were also shown. The process-oriented approach to the management of public sector organizations is an effective transformation of the queries to the results in the form of the provision of quality services to citizens. Such transformation occurs by performing interrelated activities that have a purpose and a certain degree of their importance. Accordingly, each such organization strives to provide a synergistic course of individual processes, which are indispensable for the achievement of certain results. To improve the efficiency of process-oriented public administration it is necessary to give an exact definition of the particular subjects responsible for optimal functioning of one or another process. Properly organized processes allow to provide quality public services and promote efficiency of management. The principles of process-oriented management continue to be used in the framework of different approaches to the public administration.

The article deals with issues related to the provision of state and municipal services in the Russian Federation. The relationship between the terms «public service» and «state service» is explored, while it is noted that the legal science has not developed a unified approach to this issue at present. The article outlines the basic features of state and municipal services. It is emphasized that public services can be provided only if there is an appropriate infrastructure consisting of software and information tools with the help of which both interagency interaction and communication of state authorities with applicants can be carried out. The authors note that administrative procedures are the necessary tool to render public services and mediate the interaction of state authorities with the population in a normative form. The authors argue that administrative procedures ensure the legality in conducting public administration. The article also examines the role and importance of administrative regulations in the effectiveness of state and municipal management. It is noted that the administrative regulations are still a relatively new legal phenomenon for Russia.

Strategy as one of the main tools of the efficient fight in a competitive environment is mostly in demand in small businesses. In the context of declining consumer demand and increasing competition, properly formulated growth strategy is the key to success and benefits. As part of this work, the authors analyze the impact of attribute-based components on the performance of companies. The questions of strategy development quality impact on the efficiency of economic activities are discussed. Strategic management methods are comparatively analyzed and the conclusion about the importance of niche differentiation and strategic planning by the subjects of small business entities is made based on the analysis. The results of Moscow small business entities investment attractiveness research for the period of 2013 - 2nd quarter of 2016 that point to continuing stagnation of enterprise institute are presented. Also the additional C / S multiplier characterizing the qualitative component of cost control policies across the enterprise is used. Comparative analysis on Moscow city represented by the multiplier indicates multidirectional dynamics of the cost management efficiency. In the wholesale and retail trade, the figure for the year decreased by 26.5% to 0.47 rubles per ruble of cost of revenue, whereas in the areas of business related to the service of the population this figure rose by 22.5% to 0.62 rubles due to inefficient cost management strategy.

The article reviews the reasons for the expansion at a certain stage of the concept of an «innovation pause». It further makes the case for the relevance and possibility of a significant intensification of scientific innovation factors in the current environment, influenced by the 2008-2009 global financial-economic crisis and the forthcoming transition to a new technological paradigm. The article argues that, for a country as big as Russia, a targeted state policy in support of the high R&D potential can play a decisive role in securing a steadily high level of the country's global competitiveness. Nowadays in the context of progressive complication for Russia of external conditions of implementation of the scientific-innovative policy the task of exact correspondence of the strategic and operative issues of the economic policy becomes actual. Posing the question about the priorities in the sphere of the sicentific technological development should be specified and toughened. Today the most important events in the global competition among countries and at the level of corporations occur at the stage of priority determination. The intensification of scientific and innovation activities in the country should be closely linked to the task of increasing the level of global competitiveness, especially in regard to a number of vitally important spheres of economy. Today in Russia it is necessary to give new breath to the re-creation and development of many industries that form the branches of civil aircraft construction and shipbuilding, machine-tool construction, robotics, etc. Overcoming the dependence of strategic domestic manufacturing on external sources for the elemental base of technological progress requires very serious efforts on the part of authorities responsible for the country's scientific, technical and industrial policy.

The study of peculiarities of human resources in the regions of the Russian Arctic is the subject of the article. The analysis of the human resources of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District has been accomplished and its results are suitable for the use in other regions of the Russian Arctic. The analysis of the statistical data of the Arctic regions of foreign countries and the Russian Federation is used as a method of research, as well as expert assessment of the applicability of algorithms of calculation of integral indicators developed on the basis of methodologies of calculating the HDI of the UNDP for assessment of human resources. Wherein human resources are considered from the standpoint of the human capital theory. Basing on the results of the conducted study, the authors conclude that it is necessary to develop a strategy for human resource development of the Arctic Regions. It is impossible to develop such a strategy without methods of measuring the level of human resource development. The methods of measuring the level of human development based on UNDP methodology HDI are currently not quite suitable for evaluating the human resources in the region. They are designed for the regions where citizens live in different economic and legal spaces and get all socially important services within the region. In the Russian Federation all the regions are linked by single legal and economic space, and therefore one can get socially important services using information technologies in other regions, the subjects of which are in the same jurisdiction.

The article deals with actual problems of rural settlements in the Russian Federation (on the example of the village Skomovo, Gavrilovo-Posad District, the Ivanovo Region). The main directions of development of the leading spheres (education, medicine, employment and culture), ways of supporting farmlands are shown by the author, the issues of assistance and attraction of new villagers to vacant land for the arrangement of territory, the implementation of commercial and public projects are raised. Particular attention is paid to optimizing the budget financing of rural settlements, organization of the rural economy; for rural settlements in some regions it is proposed to abolish taxation of the income of individuals registered (including temporarily, on the basis of property) in the settlement and received from activities within the boundaries of a rural settlement (trade, provision of services). This will require the development of a number of legislative acts that create a favorable climate for the economic selfdevelopment of the village, self-government, dialogue with local authorities. The author emphasizes the importance of popularization of local lore, ecotourism, the creation of information space with data about a particular populated area / region (local lore sites, prints, including periodicals), organization of local lore events (both regular and non-regular).

The refinancing risks faced by the region when lending in commercial banks are examined in the article. The author analyzes the correlation of risks and the effectiveness of implementation of regional state programs. The main problem lies in the interrelation between cost of debt parameters and qualitative indicators of the effectiveness of such programs. In the present conditions the main criterion for the effectiveness of regional borrowing is the ability to provide a balanced debt policy. It is related to the needs of the region and should not have the cash gaps, overpayments of interests in order to ensure effective spending of borrowed financial resources. The basis for a balanced debt policy in the region is the analysis and consideration of the related risks, the ability to anticipate and avoid various crisis situations. The work presents approaches to the assessment of refinancing risk of the region-borrower (on the example of Tver region crediting in commercial banks). The probability that the debt will not be able to be refinanced over a long period is insignificant in terms of the balanced policy of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation and the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, the reduction of the rate of inflation. Current trends in the state fiscal policy allow us to make a conclusion about the low percentage risk. In the credit market there is a trend to lower interest rates; debt refinancing is going to be made at rates not higher but lower than the current ones.

Transnational challenges, such as terrorism, organized crime, illegal trafficking of drugs and human beings traffic remain among the most significant threats to international peace, security and stability. The crime hinders sustainable economic and social development in the area from Vancouver to Vladivostok, as well as opportunities of 1,2 billion people living in the region to exercise their human rights, including the right to life, liberty and security of person. The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), having undertaken to combat transnational threats, has developed mechanisms to counter these threats. The author tries to answer to what extent these mechanisms are effective. The annual documents of the organization emphasize the priority of combating terrorism to member States. The OSCE conferences allow to give an expert assessment of the situation, to develop the main directions of joint activities, and to ensure the dialogue among all stakeholders, thereby strengthening confidence in the region. Cooperation among specialists also develops in some specific areas of combating transnational challenges and threats. The author emphasizes that the OSCE has done a lot to ensure safety, however, the practice shows that this is not enough. One of the main principles for countering terrorism and other threats according to the author is the cooperation of all interested states and organizations. The author suggests a number of steps which, in his opinion, can increase the interaction efficiency of the countries-participants of the OSCE in reducing the terrorist threat and providing basic rights and human freedoms, especially the right to life.

There is a strong opinion that the ‘soft power' is actively used in the foreign policy of the Federal Republic of Germany. In other words, one would expect this notion to be analyzed in detail in the works of the German politologists, and the concept of the author of this notion (Joseph Nye) to get substantial theoretical development. However, contrary to the tradition formed in the Russian political science to refer imperatively to the founder of this concept, there is a lack of interest to the concept of ‘soft power' of Joseph Nye in the works of the German scientists resulting in rare mention, absence of the Germanization of the term, as well as negative attitude. In the Federal Republic of Germany, which actively uses the tools of the ‘soft power' in its foreign policy, political scientists have developed their own concept. Having analyzed the publications of the German researchers, the author states that the German conception of the ‘civilian power' is largely based on the writings of the classical German philosophers, which makes it focused on the moral component of the policy. That is, in the opinion of the author, one of the reasons that the concept of ‘civilian power' did not and could not become the basis for the development of foreign policy concepts in other countries. Whereby the German foreign policy can be described in terms of ‘soft power', which indicates that for this concept there may exist philosophical foundations different from the used by Joseph Nye. The concept ‘civilian power' comprises specific self - consciousness and setting of the foreign politic objectives, choice of the strategy and implementation tools. The incitement for the development of this concept was the fear for the revival of the military power of Germany, emerged outside the Federal Republic of Germany after unification of the country in 1990