Vol. 21 No. 5 (2019)

The article shows the experience of the Republic of Azerbaijan in the formation of human resources in order to managesustainable inclusive development. To assess the effectiveness of civil service personnel training, it is proposed to use the analysisof results of their activities. In this paper, indicators of achievements in the field of sustainable inclusive development are used asindicators of the effectiveness of civil servants and their training system. Each state striving to achieve the goals of sustainableinclusive development solves various problems, and the differences are due to the specifics of the country. Examples of such tasksare given for the poorest countries, whose population is daily exposed to poverty and hunger, and for relatively prosperouscountries in which humanitarian problems are not so acute and relevant is the task of improving the level of education and health.Obviously, not all of the hundreds of indicators envisaged by the 17 goals of sustainable development are universal in nature andcan be used in all countries of the world. Indicators that are equally important for all countries and at the same time meet the globalsustainable development goals can serve as a comparative assessment of the performance of civil servants. It is proposed toconsider the achievement of significant achievements in economic, social and humanitarian development in a relatively shortperiod of time from a historical point of view as a result of effective activities in the field of training of human resources. Despitethe importance of economic potential as a key factor and a necessary condition for sustainable inclusive development, it providessuch development only when the country's leadership is simultaneously pursuing a comprehensively thought out social policy.

The article dwells upon the relationship between the corporate culture of civil servants and the effectiveness of public administration.As an example illustrating this dependence, the author cites Singapore - a state whose public service system is most effective, according to theGRICS (Governance Research Indicator Country Snapshot). The article focuses on studying the values of public servants in Singapore as afundamental element of their corporate culture, and the mechanisms for incorporating values into organizational processes. It is concluded thatthe study of Singapore's experience can be useful in building a value-oriented institution of public service in Russia that would meet the goals andrequirements of the state and society and correspond to its national traditions and mentality. An important moment in support of the initiative ofcivil servants is the formation of the so-called ‘culture of trust', which would allow employees to more openly, fearlessly share their ideas, point outproblems, knowing that their opinion will be heard and taken into account. Such an approach should, on the one hand, lead to the developmentof the best solution, to which the manager can't always come alone, and on the other hand, create a friendly atmosphere in the team, form theemployees' sense of their own worth and sense of belonging to the common cause and, as a consequence, to increase their involvement in laboractivity. Managers play a key role in translating values and incorporating them into organizational processes. They should embody the ideal imageof a civil servant, be leaders for subordinates, role models and to some extent ‘inspirers'.

The article analyzes the role of activity and freedom in the formation and self-determination of the individual. A newunderstanding of the content of freedom, justified by Axel Honneth, is the unity and interdependence of its three components: negative,reflective and social. The authors consider activity as the most important condition for the development of personality and its self-determination, as well as a prerequisite for the emergence of social freedom (and freedom as such). The paper notes that full-fledgedactivity is possible only within the framework of the institutional system, where the potential of social freedom has already been realizedenough for people to carry out their chosen activity. The significance of the activity for the individual is determined, the dialectic ofrelations between the state, society and the individual is revealed. Moreover, all the efforts of the authorities should be directed, first ofall, to support the development of the potential of the individual in the chosen field of activity. Public policy should facilitate the supportof individuals in institutional areas; provide the opportunity for self-determination of the individual, its self-realization and recognition atvarious levels. This implies the priority of reasonable interests of the individual (excluding arbitrariness) before the interests of the state.To substantiate this thesis, the judgments of I. Kant, set out in his work ‘To the eternal world', as well as the statements of the founderof Russian pedagogy K. D. Ushinsky about the relationship of purpose and means in social organisms from his work ‘Anthropology',are involved.

In the practice of public administration, managers of various levels of government inevitably face the problem ofincreasing the efficiency of their activities while striving to achieve the intended result. The combination of effectiveness andefficiency is quite possible and necessary to achieve the goals of various structural units within the framework of publicadministration. However, it should be recognized that the simplicity and speed in achieving the goals of effectiveness leads to suchpractical situations when the heads of public services achieve effectiveness to the detriment of effective activity in relation to theachievement of management goals. In this regard, it is important to identify and analyze the aspects of the work of the operatorsand the conditions that can significantly improve its efficiency. Such an analysis should begin with an examination of the problemof setting and implementing the goals of public administration. The need for a targeted approach is due to the fact that theachievement of these goals determines the success of management within complex systems. It should be recognized that anyfailure to set goals (at all levels of government) leads to serious flaws in the administration of public structures.

The article analyzes the challenges and dangers surrounding modern society associated with the increasingburden on the natural habitat. They are determined, among other things, by the new energy needs of mankind, which arecaused by the growth of the population and the growth of requirements for the quality of life. The risks of both anthropogenicand natural cyclical nature are considered separately. However, there are risks of a concomitant nature, such as probableepizootic and epiphytotic events and other specific risks for the economy. Banking and closely related insurance businessesmay be exposed to these risks. The author has analyzed the state of this sphere and proposed the formation of an innovativemodel to minimize such risks and build priorities in solving urgent problems. The prospects of state regulation of thedevelopment of the system for protecting the population from emergency situations and other disasters, both man-made andnatural, are assessed. Ways are proposed to improve the current system of protecting the population from emergencysituations and to adjust them depending on the changing situation. The issues of international cooperation in this area areconsidered. It is necessary to plan and organize the implementation of a set of long-term innovative measures to improvethe legislative and industry regulatory framework for an early warning and emergency response system, including managingand minimizing risks in the implementation of tasks.

The article defines the phenomenon of mnemonic authoritarianism as one of the forms of modern non-democraticgovernment practices. The article shows several types of mnemonic authoritarianism and their characteristics. One of the mainideas in the article is related to the fact that mnemonic authoritarianism as a form of government is based not only on politics,but also on culture, its norms and values. The relevance of the study lies in modern conditions, the fact that the ruling subjectneeds new forms of influence i.e., not just economic or political coercion. According to the author, mnemonic authoritarianismcan be such a form of control, since it contributes to the solution of two major problems: firstly, it provides to the positivelegitimization of the ruling subject, and secondly, it creates new possibilities for authority over society and the state. Thesepossibilities are shown in the influence on the interpretation of various events of the historical past both by society and by theindividual. The variety of forms of this influence, authoritarian or democratic, depends not only on the political or economiccondition but also on the cultural norms that prevail in society and the state. The problem of mnemonic authoritarianism formationis connected with the importance of cultural heritage. It is associated not only with retention of the heritage of the past but alsowith its compliance to the realities of the present, which, in turn, can cause decentralization of memory for a single individual ora group, as well as society as a whole.

The article provides an insight into the publications of the NISPAcee Journal of Public Administration and Policy. Thefounder of the NISPAcee Journal is the Network of Institutes and Schools of Public Administration in Central and Eastern Europe(NISPAcee), which was founded in 1994 to analyze the changes in the nature and role of public administration during the post-Soviet political and economic transformations in Central and Eastern Europe. Over the 25 years of its existence, NISPAcee hasmade a significant contribution to the development of national and regional practices of public administration and local self-government in Central and Eastern Europe. By bringing together the best experts in public administration and public policy,NISPAcee has contributed to the creation of academic networks and collaboration to transfer best practices in public administration.NISPAcee also actively organizes conferences, trainings, seminars and workshops on both theoretical and practical aspects ofmodern public administration. This article provides an overview of key publications of the NISPAcee Journal of Public Administrationand Policy for 2018-2019. The editor-in-chief of the NISPAcee Journal Juraj Nemec addressed in his research a comprehensive analysis of publicadministration reforms in Slovakia, in particular, the issues of openness and accountability of authorities, the functioning of the civilservice, as well as the organization of local self-government. With regard to the development of the Slovak civil service, there hasbeen considerable politicization and centralization, which may threaten the fundamental foundations of democratic governance.In terms of the analysis of local self-government, the author emphasizes its significant fragmentation, since there are about3,000 municipalities in the country, many of which have a population of less than 1,000 people.

The aim of the article is to search for additional resources that have an effect on the implementation of national projectsin the field of improving the quality of Russian people's life. As one of them, the authors consider the information and educationalpotential of social advertising. It can influence the formation of public opinion, the perception by citizens of the problems and valuesreflected in federal strategic planning documents. The federal law of the Russian Federation № 38 - FL of 13 March 2006 ‘Onadvertising' refers to social advertising aimed at ensuring the interests of the state. However, the absence of a definition of thisconcept in the law has led to the fact that in practice this type of advertising is presented mainly in the form of information aboutindividual state institutions and some aspects of their activities. The paper gives a generalized description of the concept of ‘stateinterests', which allows considering federal programs of national projects as instruments for the implementation of these interestsin practice. The authors substantiate the proposal to amend the Federal law of the Russian Federation № 38 - FL of 13 March 2006‘On advertising' in the form of clarification of the definition of ‘social advertising aimed at ensuring the interests of the state'.

The article is devoted to the study of the possibilities of introduction and use of artificial intelligence technologies instrategic planning in public administration. The paper investigates the reasons for the introduction of new information andcomputer-software technologies, their necessity. The author considers the issue of defects in strategic planning documents. In thestudy, based on the application of scientific methods of system analysis, synthesis, induction and classification, the authordeveloped the concept of describing the determinants of the need and rational validity of integration, the use of technologies andunits of artificial intelligence for strategic planning in public administration. In the conditions of diversified complications andincrease in the number of factors affecting the result of design, adoption and implementation of management decisions in publicadministration, the complexity of the ontology of the management system, a person making a responsible management decision,without software (machine) support can't not only take into account the prospect, but also, to an even greater extent, control thecourse of events and obtain real results, evaluate efficiency. Without the latest artificial intelligence technologies, it is impossibleto implement a new model of public administration; it is extremely difficult to overcome certain crisis phenomena, to bring publicadministration to a new innovative level. Without such technologies, it is also impossible to eliminate the problems of defectiveand unbalanced legislation. Traditionally used approaches and tools of strategic planning in public administration have largelyexhausted themselves. To date, they do not allow achieving the necessary result and ensuring the effectiveness of publicadministration. The way out of this situation can be (as evidenced by the example of a number of States) the use of the latesttechnologies and units of artificial intelligence.

The digital transformation of socio-economic systems is a dangerous challenge for most Russian regions. Consideringthe share of minor and provincial territories in Russia, the transition to “digital rails” will be painful and may cause a number ofnegative consequences. For several decades, the world community has been conducting large-scale analytical studies, groupingcountries according to selected readiness criteria for transition to the digital economy era. Due to its administrative-territorial division and the important role of some regions, the Russian Federation occupies the “middle ground”. However, a significant gapbetween successful and peripheral regions requires a specific approach to the digitalization process. The problem area of Russiais low indicators of the ability of the workforce to work in a technologically rich environment and willingness to learn.

The study used methods of systematic and comparative analysis, which allowed tracing the main trends of the transportand logistics market of Russia in general and the regional market of the Samara region in particular. The cartographic method wasused for practical zoning and cost-effective planning of transport infrastructure development in the regions. SWOT and PESTanalysis was used to characterize a particular region (on the example of the Samara region). Improving regional transport systemsnot only contributes to the development of the economy of a particular subject of the Russian Federation, but also increases theeconomic well-being of the country as a whole. With the constant increase in foreign economic relations, the growth of diversifiedproducts, it becomes obvious that transport and transport infrastructure is one of the largest basic sectors of the national economiccomplex of the country, as well as an integral part of the production and social infrastructure. The author proposes specificcomplex solutions to increase the investment attractiveness of the transport services market. It is necessary to develop a new long-term transport strategy in the regions of the country. The conclusions drawn in this article can be used as a material for writinga targeted program aimed at creating a unified policy in the field of transport logistics. The materials of the work can be demandedby the relevant ministries and subordinate structures of the Russian Federation, as well as by Russian and foreign authors in thedevelopment of the theoretical foundations of their research.

The article presents a generalized ‘data package' for substantiating and monitoring the implementation of territorialplanning documents of various levels, planning documents for territories and linear facilities, standards for urban planning at theregional and local levels, as well as land use and development rules. The authors propose introducing the concept of ‘City Profile'as an instrument of territorial and strategic planning. The thesis on the significance of assessing the quality of the urban environmentaccording to a system of indicative signs is developed in the work. The formation of a ‘City Profile' will allow not only more correctlyassessing the quality of the urban environment according to a system of indicative signs, but also analyzing the factors thatdetermine the current situation, developing adequate measures to overcome the identified imbalances.

Contrary to the expectations of Euro-skeptics, political leaders and parts of the expert community, neither the traditionalcentrist parties nor the right-wing populist parties (with the exception of France, Italy, Hungary and Poland) were able to conquerthe majority of the votes in the May 2019 elections to the European Parliament. On popularity and electoral support they concededto ‘green' parties - defenders of ecology and climate. The authors of the article point to the demographic renewal of voters andtheir activity on social networks during the election campaign. Among the factors that played an important role in mobilizing youngvoters who came to the ballot box to vote for the European Parliament, the average age of whose members is a solid 55 years,were the desire to protect the idea of Europe from the right-populist and nationalist parties and participation in mass protests ofschoolchildren, students, young people against the threat of global warming, held every Friday in many ‘old' EU countries. Thisled to a significant success of the European ‘green' parties, which received a record-breaking 74 mandates. The tools used byEuropean structures to inform voters about the entire spectrum of the political landscape of the EU countries are revealed. Theauthors believe that the important outcome of the European elections is not only the active participation of young people, but alsothe actual end of the two-party system that prevailed in the European Parliament and the complete political fragmentation of theEU legislature, which can lead to a violation of the long-term stability of this structure. The authors explain the modest results ofthe right-populist parties in the elections to the European Parliament by the explicit position of European youth, who believe in thefuture of a United Europe, oppose euroscepticism and separatism, populism and nationalism.

The statement in 2013 by President Xi Jinping on the draft of the new land and silk routes is part of the broadermercantilist Chinese ‘Great Strategy' aimed at replacing the United States as a global hegemonic power. This vision of the newUS administration has dominated since November 2016, since the election of President Donald Trump. This article is the first toconsider the project of new Chinese silk roads, not only from an economic and commercial point of view, but also in terms ofgeopolitical interests and prospects. In other words, it is a question of comparing the constants of US geostrategic goals in theworld since the end of World War II and the works of American geopolitician Nicholas John Speakman with the new Chineseambitions underlying the projects developed within the framework of the silk roads. The work focuses on the position of the rulingUS political sphere in relation to China: the decisive influence of the US military complex, as well as economic advisers focusedon the problems of the trade imbalance between the United States and China. In this regard, the author hypothesizes thatAmerican financial circles, the Treasury and the central bank, large multinational companies and financial institutions no longerconsider the ‘systemic' relations that have gradually developed between the United States and China since the return of China tothe capitalist sphere in the turn of the 1980s. In conclusion of the article the measures taken by the US administration since March2018 are reflected, and the announcement of the introduction of tariffs focused exclusively on China. In other words, the ‘great'mercantilist Chinese strategy will now respond to the ‘counter' American strategy. Outside of the Silk Road, the United States reallymust restrain the rise of China in all these forms: industrial, technological, commercial, financial, diplomatic and military.

In connection with the sanctions imposed on the Russian Federation by the United States, Canada, the European Union, etc., thepolitical leadership of the country proclaimed as one of the priority economic directions the so-called ‘turn to the East', for the purpose of whichthere was a need for active development of the Eastern regions of the country. The article attempts to analyze Russian-Chinese economiccooperation in the Russian Far East and the role of the territories of advanced social and economic development in the further evolution ofmutual trade relations. The article studies the main reasons for the intensification of investment interaction between the two countries, discussesthe most significant factors contributing to the expansion of cooperation in economic issues, and highlights the mutual interests of both partiesin the development of the region and further strengthening investment cooperation. The authors have collected relevant data about the mostsignificant and breakthrough projects jointly implemented by the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China.

Making a comparative analysis of the reforms of higher education and science in France and in Russia in recent years,we came to the conclusion that with the obvious progress of reforms in France in a number of areas, the link between educationand science, the introduction of their innovative results into practice, is much more successful. This is carried out within theframework of cluster policy, the development of competitiveness poles, technopolises. They became the basis for promoting a neweconomic development model based on the knowledge economy at the beginning of the 2000s. The new impetus to the rapiddevelopment of clusters in European countries was given by digitalization processes that penetrated into all areas of activity -scientific research, education, commercialization of ideas, production of new products. The close connection of science (university,academic), education (higher education institutions, their laboratories) and the development of territories (primarily cities) with thehelp of digital technologies becomes a commonplace, an engine of social progress. The growth points that appeared in differentregions, expanding as part of projects, were the successful result of a focused policy of supporting innovation, a way out of theeconomies of a number of European countries from permanent crises of the late 1990s, 2008-2009 years.

This article examines the main problems and prospects of higher legal education in Russia. With the transition to thethird generation standard, the priorities of the Russian higher education system have changed. The application of the latestmethods will make the Russian education innovative and corresponding to the new international standards. Solving the problemsof legal education is of paramount importance, since it is associated with the special functions of the profession of the lawyer. Itseems wrong to devote special attention to the practical component during the bachelor's training stage of the lawyer. It isimpossible to give full higher education, not paying attention to the theoretical, fundamental component. This approach can leadto the fact that the weak theoretical training of a lawyer -practice will not allow him, for example, to argue competently his positionin resolving a complex dispute in the court. It is known that the legal science is a system of special public knowledge, thecomprehension of which leads to the theoretical and applied mastering of law. The study of the theory promotes correct andcomplete understanding of the essence of law and the mechanism of legal regulation. According to the authors, it is necessary topay special attention to the practical component in the magistracy, because the student at this stage has a sufficient level oftheoretical knowledge and is able to apply them under the tactful guidance of the teacher.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the formation of the system of educational institutions that trained civil servantsof the Russian Empire in the 18th century. The implementation of global government reforms at the beginning of the 18th centuryrequired a large number of competent officials. They had to be prepared for the future profession. Established in 1687, the Hellenic-Greek Academy (in 1701 - Slavic-Latin, and in 1775 - Slavic-Greek-Latin) Academy in Moscow, being, in fact, an ecclesiasticaleducational institution, did not solve the problem of training personnel for public administration. Peter I outlined the need for specialtraining for officials. He saw the prospect of developing the cadre of the state apparatus in filling it with educated noblemen, andthey were to be trained, first of all, by the central institutions themselves: the Senate, the most important colleges and chancelleries.The idea of this was contained in the General Regulations (1720), where there was an appeal to the nobility and petty official peopleto give their children in colleges and chancellery to study the science of order, and in the Table of Ranks (1722), which determinedthe order of training of noble young people, for which vacancies of the College-Junkers were opened in the institutions. Thesuccessors of Peter I, albeit with less enthusiasm, continued the work of the great reformer for the training of the nobility, whomandatorily were fallen into the rows of military and civil ranks. In connection with the establishment of the Imperial MoscowUniversity in 1755, an unexpected conflict arose between the duty of the nobility to serve and receive education. The prospects ofthe civil service, in contrast to the ‘hardships and deprivations of military service', led to great interest of noble youth to it.